Tuberculosis As A Contagious Disease - 765 Words

Tuberculosis commonly called TB is a mortal contagious sickness that is able to affect any system in the body, but it stabilizes mostly in the pulmonary system.TB is caused by a microorganism called the tubercle bacillus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.According to Minnesota department Of Health, St. Paul MN, for the year of 2008 there were approximately nine million cases and two million death from Tuberculosis happening throughout the world. From those estimate cases, there were 59% of TB cases in the US happening between the new born foreigners. In addition, in 2008 the rate of occurrence of TB in Minnesota (4.0 per 100,000 population) was less than the global rate of occurrence in the United States (4.2 per 100,000 population) (public health) Although Tuberculosis is a contagious disease, it is not transmissible by physical contacts. In addition Tb cannot be transmitted by kissing, touching even if a person is being in contact with a positive patient s clothing. However, TB is able to transmit from a mother to an unborn baby, if she has the active microorganism in the lungs. The fact that the baby is connected to the mother’s placenta by the umbilical cord, therefore, she/he is able to breath in the bacteria. In addition, Tuberculosis is able to transmit from person to another, this happen when a positive person caught, sneezes, or laughs he/she spreads some tiny microorganism called droplet nuclei in the air; those small droplet nuclei has the ability to stay aliveShow MoreRelatedTuberculosis As A Contagious Disease1641 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Tuberculosis? Tuberculosis, TB for short, is an ancient disease that has been around even before the first recorded disease in the history. This disease can be foun d in Egyptian mummies from 4000 BC. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or tubercle bacillus (Centers for disease, 2011). Tuberculosis is primarily a disease of the lungs, but the TB bacterium can also travel through blood stream and attack any part of the body like kidney, spine and brain (Hamann, 1994). AccordingRead MoreTuberculosis As A Contagious Disease Essay927 Words   |  4 Pages Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease that could cause death if it is not treated. TB is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it affects the lungs and other human organs (Frith, 2014). Tuberculosis is an airborne disease that could be transmitted by sneezing, coughing, and speaking. According to world health organization (WHO), 9.6 million people were affected by Tuberculosis and 1.5 million died from the disease in 2014 worldwide. 9,421 cases of Tuberculosis wereRead MoreTuberculosis ( Tb ) Is A Airborne And Contagious Infectious Disease Caused By Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacilli Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesChapter One: Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a airborne and contagious-infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli, usually establishes its infection in the lungs and known as pulmonary tuberculosis also can affect other sites and known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis (Rodrigo,2006; Comas,2009). Human Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem for both developed and developing countries , is the second cause of death in worldwide, after the human immunodeficiencyRead MoreEssay on History of Tuberculosis1494 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Tuberculosis Abstract This paper discusses the historical aspect of the fatal and contagious disease now known as tuberculosis. It discusses the history of Tuberculosis beginning with Ancient Egyptian mummies to the most current discovery of TB. Greek philosopher such as Hippocrates and Plato observed the first cases of tuberculosis. They are two out of the many people that gradually discovered the TB out of the many. It talks about the different remedies that different philosophersRead MoreTuberculosis : A Serious Infectious Disease967 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Tuberculosis? It is a serious infectious disease that mainly affects your lungs. The disease is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Even though it usually attacks the lungs, it can easily damage other parts of the body as well. The bacteria can spread in tiny droplets released into the air when a person that has Tuberculosis of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks. The Tuberculosis bacteria causes’ death of tissue in the organs they infect. Infection is most likelyRead MoreTuberculosis ( Tb ) Is A Chronic Bacterial Infection That Affects Millions Of People Globally1377 Words   |  6 PagesTUBERCULOSIS Jillian Gasper Kaplan University Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that affects millions of people globally. It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the respiratory tract of those who are already infected with the disease. Some who are infected with the bacteria that causes TB often exhibit no symptoms, because their immune systemsRead MoreTuberculosis As A Infectious Disease1339 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections commenced to increment more rapidly. A person with HIV has an impotent immune system which is not able to fight infectionsRead MoreTuberculosis As A Infectious Disease1329 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections began to increase more rapidly. A person with HIV has a weak immune system which is not able to fight infectionsRead MoreTuberculosis : An Infectious Bacterial Disease1541 Words   |  7 PagesTuberculosis is a very known disease worldwide. Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease illustrated by the expansion of the tubercles that are in the tissue, mainly in the lungs. This disease is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a rod shaped bacterium. Tuberculosis has claimed its victims throughout much of known human history. It reached epidemic proportions in Europe and North America during the 1 8th and 19th centuries, earning the sobriquet, Captain Among these Men of DeathRead MoreCommunicable Disease : Prevention And Prevention1195 Words   |  5 PagesCommunicable disease is described as the infection which is transmitted from one person to other either direct or indirect (Smith, 2009). Communicable disease can occurs anywhere in the country, but knowing the basic understanding of cause, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention can control the infection and disease process. The basic knowledge about disease and prevention can help people to understand about how to control the environment and protect them from disease. There are multiple communicable

Aborts are Legal Essay - 853 Words

Abortion is not easy decision, but women has made that choice for hundreds years, for many different reasons. Since 1973 abortions are legal in the United States, but we have some people who still are disagree with this position. They are talking about religion, that children are viewed as a gift from the Lord, about the health, and about the moral side of the issue. Should a fetus have rights equal or superior to woman’s? We can find many reasons for abortions and against it, but I think women have the legal right to make their own decision. The illegal abortions done in back alleys are become dangerous, expensive and humiliating. The reason for abortion can basically be divided into three categories. These categories are based upon the†¦show more content†¦In addition, to the fact that abortions kill innocent human beings, anti-abortionists believe that they also damage the mental, as well as physical condition of the mother. Since, after an abortion a mother is more susceptible to breast cancer, and to periods of depression. In the case of congenital defects, the pro-life activists argue that such indications of a disease, do not guarantee that the child will be born into a life of suffering. They believe that through love, and guidance anyone with any form of deformity or disease, can lead a normal life. The cases pertaining to rape also have different anti-abortionists views. Many anti-abortionists believe that the child can actually help the mother get through the turbulent times in her life, by providing each other with a loving environment. Finally, in the case of economics, the pro-life activi sts believe that having an abortion due to financial reasons is ridiculous. Because, it doesn’t mean that the child will have a life full of isolation and depression. The pro-life activists argue that there are also numerous welfare programs for such families. We can plan our lives, but we also know that life full of surprises, sometimes not very good surprises. Often a woman has to make the hard decision, when it is absolutely necessary, to choose to have an abortion, in secret, without medical care, in dangerous circumstances. Thousands of women have died! To be able to choose a safe, legal abortion makes manyShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of The Abortion Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesyears old. Abortion has been legal in most of the state s, political parties think that it should continue to be the way it is and others think it should of change because it is damaging many people not only them but also the mother. Somehow they should not continue to pass that law . Texans passed a law of abortion and the Texans are over reacting to that law. However, people on the other side conclude that the supreme court should pass a law of not letting it be legal for to have an abortion. ThereRead MoreAbortion: Making a Case Against It Essay854 Words à ‚  |  4 Pagesdone by taking this drug (Abort 73). A therapeutic abortion is an induced pregnancy performed when the health of the mother would be endangered if the pregnancy continued (Abortion Funk Wagnalls). A curettage abortion is a procedure where the baby’s limbs are suctioned out of the mother’s womb. Afterwards any parts of the body will be scraped out using a surgical instrument called a curette. In 2010, about eighty-one percent of abortions were performed this way (Abort 73). There are many side effectsRead MoreAbortion Is Not Only Hurt The Baby1644 Words   |  7 Pagesembryo or fetus before violability is an abortion. When this happens spontaneously, the word miscarriage is used, the word abortion being kept for the intended removal of the fetus from the uterus. (Oxford, 2001). A woman who has taken the decision to abort, they can only do it during their first, second and third trimester. Abortion does not only hurt the baby but also the person who is i nvolved in this situation and can affect that person not only mentally but also psychological. In some countries,Read MoreAbortion in Thai Perspective1106 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion or some says â€Å"miscarriage† has a long story and can be dated back to our ancient civilization such as China, Egypt, and Roman empires. There are several evidences to indicate that abortion is committed since ancient time. There are many ways to abort fetus inside mother’s stomach which are considered all inhumane, however, people still doing it till this very day. There are three main methods of abortion which people use around the world which are, medical abortion, surgical abortion, and otherRead MoreSelf-Induced Abortion Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesAn immigrant woman regrets getting pregnant and wants to abort her child. The immigrant woman fears of being deported back to her country, so she decides to abort her own child without going to the Hospital to get a proper procedu re. Immigrant women, like this one, are deciding to abort their own baby instead of leaving the procedure to medical experts. Many consequences arise when immigrant women used different types of methods to abort their child because the fear of deportation or being shun byRead MoreEssay on Abortion: A Womans Right to Choose1174 Words   |  5 Pages1973 abortions were as high as about 1.2 million per year (National Abortion Federation). The 1973 court case called Roe v. Wade opened up the possibility for women to decide to legally and safely abort or not. Jane Roe was the representation of all the women that wanted to have the right to abort in a legal and safe manner and her voice was heard and acknowledged. In the other hand, the attorney Henry Wade defended abortion being illegal, yet his point of view on the subject was not able to overcomeRead MoreThe Case Of Roe V. Wade972 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst 28 weeks of pregnancy. Inasmuch as it is true, in our society abortion is an extremely controversial subject, however, it is also safe to say that it is a very opinionated matter between those who do and do not believe in it. Abortion has been legal in the United States since the case of Roe v. Wade in the winter of 1973 labeling it as a â€Å"fundamental right†, it has since been a moral issue within our society. The decision to terminate ones own pregnancy is in their own hands and the effects ofRead MoreIs Abortion Right Or Wrong?924 Words   |  4 Pagesminute, step back, and think of other options such as adoption. Many couples that want children cannot get pregnant. Some out there wants your child, whether it is you or someone else that cannot have their own child. With our state having abortion legal is like telling people that it is okay to get pregnant and then kill a human that is alive and growing within their stomach. â€Å"Women have a moral right to decide what to do with their bodies.† (http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/mother/for_1Read MoreAbortion: Pro-Life and Pro-Choice694 Words   |  3 Pagespro-choice abortion should be given the light of day and with this, there will be room for people to make informed choices and decisions on the matter. The facts on abortion have been grossly misconceived so that it can look so evil and sinful to abort but the following are the facts that surround the issue of abortion hence the reasons for my support for pro-choice stand: Almost all the abortions take place in the first trimester of the pregnancy when the fetus cannot independently exist. ThisRead MoreAbortion Should Be Legalize764 Words   |  3 Pagesright to decide what’s right for them and what’s not. It should be legal because people should be given the right to decide whether or not they’re ready or not to bring someone else into the world and provide for them. Abortion of course is a terrible thing, you have to put yourself under the knife and actually think â€Å"am I really going to go through with this, is this what I want?† No matter what, no one really wants to abort their child; there is always more to it. Some people feel that if they

The Host Chapter 21 Named Free Essays

I kept tight to Jeb’s side, a little in front of him. I wanted to be as far as possible from the two men following us. Jamie walked somewhere in the middle, not sure of where he wanted to be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Host Chapter 21: Named or any similar topic only for you Order Now I wasn’t able to concentrate much on the rest of Jeb’s tour. My attention was not focused on the second set of gardens he led me through-one with corn growing waist-high in the blistering heat of the brilliant mirrors-or the wide but low-ceilinged cavern he called the â€Å"rec room.† That one was pitch-black and deep underground, but he told me they brought in lights when they wanted to play. The word play didn’t make sense to me, not here in this group of tense, angry survivors, but I didn’t ask him to explain. There was more water here, a tiny, noxiously sulfurous spring that Jeb said they sometimes used as a second latrine because it was no good for drinking. My attention was divided between the men walking behind us and the boy at my side. Ian and the doctor did mind their manners surprisingly well. No one attacked me from behind-though I thought my eyes might get lodged in the back of my head from trying to see if they were about to. They just followed quietly, sometimes talking to each other in low voices. Their comments revolved around names I didn’t know and nicknames for places and things that might or might not have been inside these caves. I couldn’t understand any of it. Jamie said nothing, but he looked at me a lot. When I wasn’t trying to keep an eye on the others, I was often peeking at him, too. This left little time to admire the things Jeb showed me, but he didn’t seem to notice my preoccupations. Some of the tunnels were very long-the distances hidden beneath the ground here were mind-boggling. Often they were pitch-black, but Jeb and the others never so much as paused, clearly familiar with their whereabouts and long since accustomed to traveling in darkness. It was harder for me than it was when Jeb and I were alone. In the dark, every noise sounded like an attack. Even the doctor’s and Ian’s casual chatter seemed like a cover for some nefarious move. Paranoid, Melanie commented. If that’s what it takes to keep us alive, so be it. I wish you would pay more attention to Uncle Jeb. This is fascinating. Do what you want with your time. I can only hear and see what you hear and see, Wanderer, she told me. Then she changed the subject. Jamie looks okay, don’t you think? Not too unhappy. He looks†¦ wary. We were just coming into some light after the longest trek so far in the humid blackness. â€Å"This here is the southernmost spur of the tube system,† Jeb explained as we walked. â€Å"Not super convenient, but it gets good light all day long. That’s why we made it the hospital wing. This is where Doc does his thing.† The moment Jeb announced where we were, my body froze and my joints locked; I skidded to a halt, my feet planted against the rock floor. My eyes, wide with terror, flickered between Jeb’s face and the face of the doctor. Had this all been a ruse, then? Wait for stubborn Jared to be out of the picture and then lure me back here? I couldn’t believe I’d walked to this place under my own power. How stupid I was! Melanie was just as aghast. We might as well have gift-wrapped ourselves for them! They stared back at me, Jeb expressionless, the doctor looking as surprised as I felt-though not as horrified. I would have flinched, ripped myself away from the touch of a hand on my arm, if the hand had not been so familiar. â€Å"No,† Jamie said, his hand hesitantly resting just below my elbow. â€Å"No, it’s okay. Really. Right, Uncle Jeb?† Jamie looked trustingly at the old man. â€Å"It’s okay, right?† â€Å"Sure it is.† Jeb’s faded blue eyes were calm and clear. â€Å"Just showing you my place, kid, that’s all.† â€Å"What are you talking about?† Ian grumbled from behind us, sounding annoyed that he didn’t understand. â€Å"Did you think we brought you here on purpose, for Doc?† Jamie said to me instead of answering Ian. â€Å"Because we wouldn’t do that. We promised Jared.† I stared at his earnest face, trying to believe. â€Å"Oh!† Ian said as he understood, and then he laughed. â€Å"That wasn’t a bad plan. I’m surprised I didn’t think of it.† Jamie scowled at the big man and patted my arm before removing his hand. â€Å"Don’t be scared,† he said. Jeb took up where he’d left off. â€Å"So this big room here is fitted up with a few cots in case anyone gets sick or hurt. We’ve been pretty lucky on that count. Doc doesn’t have much to work with in an emergency.† Jeb grinned at me. â€Å"Your folks threw out all our medicines when they took over things. Hard to get our hands on what we need.† I nodded slightly; the movement was absentminded. I was still reeling, trying to get my bearings. This room looked innocent enough, as if it were only used for healing, but it made my stomach twist and contract. â€Å"What do you know about alien medicine?† the doctor asked suddenly, his head cocked to the side. He watched my face with expectant curiosity. I stared at him wordlessly. â€Å"Oh, you can talk to Doc,† Jeb encouraged me. â€Å"He’s a pretty decent guy, all things considered.† I shook my head once. I meant to answer the doctor’s question, to tell them that I knew nothing, but they misunderstood. â€Å"She’s not giving away any trade secrets,† Ian said sourly. â€Å"Are you, sweetheart?† â€Å"Manners, Ian,† Jeb barked. â€Å"Is it a secret?† Jamie asked, guarded but clearly curious. I shook my head again. They all stared at me in confusion. Doc shook his head, too, slowly, baffled. I took a deep breath, then whispered, â€Å"I’m not a Healer. I don’t know how they-the medications-work. Only that they do work- they heal, rather than merely treating symptoms. No trial and error. Of course the human medicines were discarded.† All four of them stared with blank expressions. First they were surprised when I didn’t answer, and now they were surprised when I did. Humans were impossible to please. â€Å"Your kind didn’t change too much of what we left behind,† Jeb said thoughtfully after a moment. â€Å"Just the medical stuff, and the spaceships instead of planes. Other than that, life seems to go on just the same as ever†¦ on the surface.† â€Å"We come to experience, not to change,† I whispered. â€Å"Health takes priority over that philosophy, though.† I shut my mouth with an audible snap. I had to be more careful. The humans hardly wanted a lecture on soul philosophy. Who knew what would anger them? Or what would snap their fragile patience? Jeb nodded, still thoughtful, and then ushered us onward. He wasn’t as enthusiastic as he continued my tour through the few connecting caves here in the medical wing, not as involved in the presentation. When we turned around and headed back into the black corridor, he lapsed into silence. It was a long, quiet walk. I thought through what I’d said, looking for something that might have offended. Jeb was too strange for me to guess if that was the case. The other humans, hostile and suspicious as they were, at least made sense. How could I hope to make sense of Jeb? The tour ended abruptly when we reentered the huge garden cavern where the carrot sprouts made a bright green carpet across the dark floor. â€Å"Show’s over,† Jeb said gruffly, looking at Ian and the doctor. â€Å"Go do something useful.† Ian rolled his eyes at the doctor, but they both turned good-naturedly enough and made their way toward the biggest exit-the one that led to the kitchen, I remembered. Jamie hesitated, looking after them but not moving. â€Å"You come with me,† Jeb told him, slightly less gruff this time. â€Å"I’ve got a job for you.† â€Å"Okay,† Jamie said. I could see that he was pleased to have been chosen. Jamie walked beside me again as we headed back toward the sleeping-quarters section of the caves. I was surprised, as we chose the third passageway from the left, that Jamie seemed to know exactly where we were going. Jeb was slightly behind us, but Jamie stopped at once when we reached the green screen that covered the seventh apartment. He moved the screen aside for me but stayed in the hall. â€Å"You okay to sit tight for a while?† Jeb asked me. I nodded, grateful at the thought of hiding again. I ducked through the opening and then stood a few feet in, not sure what to do with myself. Melanie remembered that there were books here, but I reminded her of my vow to not touch anything. â€Å"I got things to do, kid,† Jeb said to Jamie. â€Å"Food ain’t gonna fix itself, you know. You up to guard duty?† â€Å"Sure,† Jamie said with a bright smile. His thin chest swelled with a deep breath. My eyes widened in disbelief as I watched Jeb place the rifle in Jamie’s eager hands. â€Å"Are you crazy?† I shouted. My voice was so loud that I didn’t recognize it at first. It felt like I’d been whispering forever. Jeb and Jamie looked up at me, shocked. I was out in the hallway with them in a second. I almost reached for the hard metal of the barrel, almost ripped it from the boy’s hands. What stopped me wasn’t the knowledge that a move like that would surely get me killed. What stopped me was the fact that I was weaker than the humans in this way; even to save the boy, I could not make myself touch the weapon. I turned on Jeb instead. â€Å"What are you thinking? Giving the weapon to a child? He could kill himself!† â€Å"Jamie’s been through enough to be called a man, I think. He knows how to handle himself around a gun.† Jamie’s shoulders straightened at Jeb’s praise, and he gripped the gun tighter to his chest. I gaped at Jeb’s stupidity. â€Å"What if they come for me with him here? Did you think of what could happen? This isn’t a joke! They’ll hurt him to get to me!† Jeb remained calm, his face placid. â€Å"Don’t think there’ll be any trouble today. I’d bet on it.† â€Å"Well, I wouldn’t!† I was yelling again. My voice echoed off the tunnel walls-someone was sure to hear, but I didn’t care. Better they come while Jeb was still here. â€Å"If you’re so sure, then leave me here alone. Let what happens happen. But don’t put Jamie in danger!† â€Å"Is it the kid you’re worried about, or are you just afraid that he’ll turn the gun on you?† Jeb asked, his voice almost languid. I blinked, my anger derailed. That thought had not even occurred to me. I glanced blankly at Jamie, met his surprised gaze, and saw that the idea was shocking to him, too. It took me a minute to recover my side of the argument, and by the time I did, Jeb’s expression had changed. His eyes were intent, his mouth pursed-as if he were about to fit the last piece into a frustrating puzzle. â€Å"Give the gun to Ian or any of the others. I don’t care,† I said, my voice slow and even. â€Å"Just leave the boy out of this.† Jeb’s sudden face-wide grin reminded me, strangely, of a pouncing cat. â€Å"It’s my house, kid, and I’ll do what I want. I always do.† Jeb turned his back and ambled away down the hall, whistling as he went. I watched him go, my mouth hanging open. When he disappeared, I turned to Jamie, who was watching me with a sullen expression. â€Å"I’m not a child,† he muttered in a deeper tone than usual, his chin jutting out belligerently. â€Å"Now, you should†¦ you should go in your room.† The order was less than severe, but there was nothing else I could do. I’d lost this disagreement by a large margin. I sat down with my back against the rock that formed one side of the cave opening-the side where I could hide behind the half-opened screen but still watch Jamie. I wrapped my arms around my legs and began doing what I knew I would be doing as long as this insane situation continued: I worried. I also strained my eyes and ears for some sound of approach, to be ready. No matter what Jeb said, I would prevent anyone from challenging Jamie’s guard. I would give myself up before they asked. Yes, Melanie agreed succinctly. Jamie stood in the hallway for a few minutes, the gun tight in his hands, unsure as to how to do his job. He started pacing after that, back and forth in front of the screen, but he seemed to feel silly after a couple of passes. Then he sat down on the floor beside the open end of the screen. The gun eventually settled on his folded legs, and his chin into his cupped hands. After a long time, he sighed. Guard duty was not as exciting as he’d been expecting. I did not get bored watching him. After maybe an hour or two, he started looking at me again, flickering glances. His lips opened a few times, and then he thought better of whatever he was going to say. I laid my chin on my knees and waited as he struggled. My patience was rewarded. â€Å"That planet you were coming from before you were in Melanie,† he finally said. â€Å"What was it like there? Was it like here?† The direction of his thoughts caught me off guard. â€Å"No,† I said. With only Jamie here, it felt right to speak normally instead of whispering. â€Å"No, it was very different.† â€Å"Will you tell me what it was like?† he asked, cocking his head to one side the way he used to when he was really interested in one of Melanie’s bedtime stories. So I told him. I told him all about the See Weeds’ waterlogged planet. I told him about the two suns, the elliptical orbit, the gray waters, the unmoving permanence of roots, the stunning vistas of a thousand eyes, the endless conversations of a million soundless voices that all could hear. He listened with wide eyes and a fascinated smile. â€Å"Is that the only other place?† he asked when I fell silent, trying to think of anything I’d missed. â€Å"Are the See Weeds†-he laughed once at the pun-â€Å"the only other aliens?† I laughed, too. â€Å"Hardly. No more than I’m the only alien on this world.† â€Å"Tell me.† So I told him about the Bats on the Singing World-how it was to live in musical blindness, how it was to fly. I told him about the Mists Planet-how it felt to have thick white fur and four hearts to keep warm, how to give claw beasts a wide berth. I started to tell him about the Planet of the Flowers, about the color and the light, but he interrupted me with a new question. â€Å"What about the little green guys with the triangle heads and the big black eyes? The ones who crashed in Roswell and all that. Was that you guys?† â€Å"Nope, not us.† â€Å"Was it all fake?† â€Å"I don’t know-maybe, maybe not. It’s a big universe, and there’s a lot of company out there.† â€Å"How did you come here, then-if you weren’t the little green guys, who were you? You had to have bodies to move and stuff, right?† â€Å"Right,† I agreed, surprised at his grasp of the facts at hand. I shouldn’t have been surprised-I knew how bright he was, his mind like a thirsty sponge. â€Å"We used our Spider selves in the very beginning, to get things started.† â€Å"Spiders?† I told him about the Spiders-a fascinating species. Brilliant, the most incredible minds we’d ever come across, and each Spider had three of them. Three brains, one in each section of their segmented bodies. We’d yet to find a problem they couldn’t solve for us. And yet they were so coldly analytical that they rarely came up with a problem they were curious enough to solve for themselves. Of all our hosts, the Spiders welcomed our occupation the most. They barely noticed the difference, and when they did, they seemed to appreciate the direction we provided. The few souls who had walked on the surface of the Spiders’ planet before implantation told us that it was cold and gray-no wonder the Spiders only saw in black and white and had a limited sense of temperature. The Spiders lived short lives, but the young were born knowing everything their parent had, so no knowledge was lost. I’d lived out one of the short life terms of the species and then left with no desire to return. The amazing clarity of my thoughts, the easy answers that came to any question almost without effort, the march and dance of numbers were no substitute for emotion and color, which I could only vaguely understand when inside that body. I wondered how any soul could be content there, but the planet had been self-sufficient for thousands of Earth years. It was still open for settling only because the Spiders reproduced so quickly-great sacs of eggs. I started to tell Jamie how the offensive had been launched here. The Spiders were our best engineers-the ships they made for us danced nimbly and undetectably through the stars. The Spiders’ bodies were almost as useful as their minds: four long legs to each segment-from which they’d earned their nickname on this planet-and twelve-fingered hands on each leg. These six-jointed fingers were as slender and strong as steel threads, capable of the most delicate procedures. About the mass of a cow, but short and lean, the Spiders had no trouble with the first insertions. They were stronger than humans, smarter than humans, and prepared, which the humans were not†¦ I stopped short, midsentence, when I saw the crystalline sparkle on Jamie’s cheek. He was staring straight ahead at nothing, his lips pressed in a tight line. A large drop of salt water rolled slowly down the cheek closest to me. Idiot, Melanie chastised me. Didn’t you think what your story would mean to him? Didn’t you think of warning me sooner? She didn’t answer. No doubt she’d been as caught up in the storytelling as I was. â€Å"Jamie,† I murmured. My voice was thick. The sight of his tear had done strange things to my throat. â€Å"Jamie, I’m so sorry. I wasn’t thinking.† Jamie shook his head. â€Å"‘S okay. I asked. I wanted to know how it happened.† His voice was gruff, trying to hide the pain. It was instinctive, the desire to lean forward and wipe that tear away. I tried at first to ignore it; I was not Melanie. But the tear hung there, motionless, as if it would never fall. Jamie’s eyes stayed fixed on the blank wall, and his lips trembled. He wasn’t far from me. I stretched my arm out to brush my fingers against his cheek; the tear spread thin across his skin and disappeared. Acting on instinct again, I left my hand against his warm cheek, cradling his face. For a short second, he pretended to ignore me. Then he rolled toward me, his eyes closed, his hands reaching. He curled into my side, his cheek against the hollow of my shoulder, where it had once fit better, and sobbed. These were not the tears of a child, and that made them more profound-made it more sacred and painful that he would cry them in front of me. This was the grief of a man at the funeral for his entire family. My arms wound around him, not fitting as easily as they used to, and I cried, too. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I said again and again. I apologized for everything in those two words. That we’d ever found this place. That we’d chosen it. That I’d been the one to take his sister. That I’d brought her back here and hurt him again. That I’d made him cry today with my insensitive stories. I didn’t drop my arms when his anguish quieted; I was in no hurry to let him go. It seemed as though my body had been starving for this from the beginning, but I’d never understood before now what would feed the hunger. The mysterious bond of mother and child-so strong on this planet-was not a mystery to me any longer. There was no bond greater than one that required your life for another’s. I’d understood this truth before; what I had not understood was why. Now I knew why a mother would give her life for her child, and this knowledge would forever shape the way I saw the universe. â€Å"I know I’ve taught you better than that, kid.† We jumped apart. Jamie lurched to his feet, but I curled closer to the ground, cringing into the wall. Jeb leaned down and picked up the gun we’d both forgotten from the floor. â€Å"You’ve got to mind a gun better than this, Jamie.† His tone was very gentle-it softened the criticism. He reached out to tousle Jamie’s shaggy hair. Jamie ducked under Jeb’s hand, his face scarlet with mortification. â€Å"Sorry,† he muttered, and turned as if to flee. He stopped after just a step, though, and swiveled back to look at me. â€Å"I don’t know your name,† he said. â€Å"They called me Wanderer,† I whispered. â€Å"Wanderer?† I nodded. He nodded, too, then hurried away. The back of his neck was still red. When he was gone, Jeb leaned against the rock and slid down till he was seated where Jamie had been. Like Jamie, he kept the gun cradled in his lap. â€Å"That’s a real interesting name you’ve got there,† he told me. He seemed to be back to his chatty mood. â€Å"Maybe sometime you’ll tell me how you got it. Bet that’s a good story. But it’s kind of a mouthful, don’t you think? Wanderer?† I stared at him. â€Å"Mind if I call you Wanda, for short? It flows easier.† He waited this time for a response. Finally, I shrugged. It didn’t matter to me whether he called me â€Å"kid† or some strange human nickname. I believed it was meant kindly. â€Å"Okay, then, Wanda.† He smiled, pleased at his invention. â€Å"It’s nice to have a handle on you. Makes me feel like we’re old friends.† He grinned that huge, cheek-stretching grin, and I couldn’t help grinning back, though my smile was more rueful than delighted. He was supposed to be my enemy. He was probably insane. And he was my friend. Not that he wouldn’t kill me if things turned out that way, but he wouldn’t like doing it. With humans, what more could you ask of a friend? How to cite The Host Chapter 21: Named, Essay examples

Promissory and Proprietary Estoppel †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Promissory and Proprietary Estoppel. Answer: Introduction: The issue of the case is to analyse whether the agreement signed between Tom and Susan was valid in nature or not. It has been observed in the case that prior to the marriage, Tom asked Susan to sign a document and the same contained certain terms and Susan put her signature on the document. The conditions of the agreement were that if the marriage between the two has broken, Susan will get only $100.000. After five years of happy conjugal life when the marriage was dissolved, Susan get the contracted money only and her husband denied to give her other allowances. The main theme of the case has concerned the prerequisite of duress (Feldman 2015). It is a provision under the contract law that states the grounds of cancellation of the enforceability of contractual compulsions. It is a sort of protection to the contracting party who has been forced to give his consent over certain agreements. When a person forced to sign a contract because the other party to the contract have threatened him to sign the same, the legality of the agreement becomes unenforceable (Tamblyn 2017). Necessary provisions regarding duress has been engraved under Section 50 of the Australian Consumer Act. The term duress is applicable when one party to a contract signed an agreement forcefully and the other party had generated threat. It has been observed in Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 27 that Alexander had threatened Barton to kill him if he had not paid a certain amount of money. Privy Council cancelled the validity of the contract on the ground of duress. In Skeate v Beale [1840] 11 Ad El 983, it was observed that the tenant became agree with the repayment when the property owner threatened to sell all his goods (Fried 2015). In the given case study, it has been observed that Tom had threatened Susan that if she did not give her consent over the agreement, he will not marry her. Therefore, it is observed that it attracts the provision of threat, predominantly mental threat. It has been observed that the circumstances compelled her to sign the agreement. One of the terms of the valid contract is free consent. In this case, there was no free consent present on behalf of Susan and she has been forced to sign the document. The issue in the case is whether Steve is bound by law to buy the car from Jason. It has been observed in this case that Steve was searching for a turbo engine car and Jason had installed all the requirements of Steve and Steve told him that he would buy the car only after the fulfilment of all the desires. It has been observed that Jason had installed all the requirements and after this too, Steve was refused to buy the car. The alleged matter of the case is attracting the provision of the promissory estoppels (Lee 2015). According to this legal doctrine if a promise had been made to a person, it is not essential that one should pursue all the formal deliberation and the promise maker has to keep the same in case the promisee relied on the promise (Robertson 2014). Under the Australian Contract law, provision of promissory estoppels has been engraved. The main essential of the doctrine are: A promise should have to be made by one party; The other party must rely on the terms of the promise; The outcome of such reliance shall bear detrimental effect. In the present case, it has been observed that Steve was looking for a car and came across the advertisement of Jason and went to inspect the car for several times (Price 2013). It has been observed that he made a promise to Jason that if all his desires regarding the car can be fulfilled, he will buy the car. Relying on the facts of the case, Jason had installed the requirements and invested certain amount of money. However, Steve, on later stage, denied buying the car. Here the law of promissory estoppels will be applicable (Mungan and Seidenfeld 2016). The major issues of the case are whether Carl has done any negligent work or not and whether Harry can have any defence against Carl or not. It has been observed in this case that Carl is a fisherman and a sushi chef. Therefore, it is no doubt to state that he bears certain responsibilities regarding the same and to take care of his duties with all aspects. The matter of the case is attracting the provision of negligence. In Australia, the term negligence has been defined under the stipulation of Torts law. There are certain values that will constitute the negligence. It has been mentioned under the Australian Act that if the defendant had failed to perform his duties properly and the outcome of the same cause harm to the other person. One of the historical case regarding the same is Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 where it has been proved that the manufacturer has owed certain duties to the customer and if he failed, he will be liable for the same. The principle regarding the breach of duties was also observed in case of Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467. In this case, it has been stated that Carl was a chef but not skilled one. Harry was a friend of him. Carl served a fish dish to him without followed the rules regarding the cooking of the fish. Carl was failed to inspect the nature of the fish and he had not even clean the fish properly. It has been observed that Harry became ill by consuming the poisonous fish. Law that any person may sue the defendant before the competent court of jurisdiction and claim damage regarding the same has provided it. However, law also provides certain defences for the interest of the defendant. In this case, Harry knew the fact that Carl was not a skilled chef and therefore, there are certain risks regarding the recipe made by him. Therefore provision of voluntary assumption of risk can be applied to the victim. The provision regarding the same has been engraved under section 16 and 17 of the Civil Liability Act. It is no doubt to state that the activity of Carl has attracted the provision of the negligence, however, he has certain defences available against the victim. The main issue of the present case is to decide whether Betty accrues any right under the Australian Consumer Law. The facts of the case depict that an advertisement was made on behalf of Apple I-phone that consists of certain features of the phone. The features posted on the advertisement attracted Betty and she had ordered the same. However, when she gets the product, she observed that the quality of the same is inferior in nature to that of the advertisement. There are certain necessary rules mentioned under the Australian Consumer Act regarding the same matter and in this case the provision of misleading or deceptive advertisement will be applied (Richards 2013). It has been mentioned under section 18 of the Consumer law that if a person sustain certain injury regarding the deceptive advertisement, the company will be held liable under this provision. The Australian High court has confirmed the necessity of section 18 of ACL in Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54. Certain provision of section 29 will also be applied here. The main theme of this section is to go against the false and misleading representation made against any goods. Provision of section 35 regarding bait advertisements will also be applied here. It has been observed in this case that Betty has ordered an Apple set based on an advertisement and the set has been delivered to her. After releasing the set form the package, Betty realised that the set is different than the advertised one and it is inferior in quality. Therefore, Betty can claim damage under section 18 of the Australian Consumer law. It has also been proved that a misleading representation has been made in this case. The provision of the case is also attracts the provision of the statutory duties also and therefore, the section 56 of the Australian Consumer Law will also applicable here. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be stated that Betty accrues right under section 18, 29, 35 and 49 of the Australian Consumer Law regarding the same. Reference: Faerber, A.E. and Kreling, D.H., 2014. Content analysis of false and misleading claims in television advertising for prescription and nonprescription drugs. Journal of general internal medicine, 29(1), pp.110-118. Feldman, S.W., 2015. Pre-Dispute Arbitration Agreements, Freedom of Contract, and the Economic Duress Defense: A Critique of Three Commentaries. Clev. St. L. Rev., 64, p.37. Fried, C., 2015. Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Kim, N.S., 2014. Situational Duress and the Aberrance of Electronic Contracts. Chi.-Kent L. Rev., 89, p.265. Lee, R., 2015. Promissory Estoppel and Proprietary Estoppel: A Response to the Myth of a Unifying Approach. King's Student L. Rev., 6, p.iii. Mungan, M.C. and Seidenfeld, M., 2016. Investments to Make Threats Credible, Rent-Seeking, and Duress. Supreme Court Economic Review, 23(1), pp.341-351. Price, W.N., 2013. Legal implications of an ethical duty to search for genetic incidental findings. The American Journal of Bioethics, 13(2), pp.48-49. Richards, J., 2013. Deceptive advertising: Behavioral study of a legal concept. Routledge. Robertson, A., 2014. Three Models of Promissory Estoppel. Browser Download This Paper. Tamblyn, N., 2017. The Law of Duress and Necessity: Crime, Tort, Contract. Routledge. Velasco, J., 2014. A Defense of the Corporate Law Duty of Care.

Cloning Technology Essays - Cloning, Molecular Biology, Genetics

Cloning Technology Technology is changing the world as we know it. Not all of these advances in technology are viewed as positive. One of the breakthroughs that has received mixed responses is the issue of cloning. There has been much debate on this topic, and the debate is certain to rage on for many years to come. You may be asking yourself: What is cloning? How can I benefit from cloning? Is cloning legal? Why should we clone human beings? What is the world community doing to control cloning? I hope to answer these and other questions throughout the course of this paper. What is cloning? According to the Human Cloning Foundation (HCF1998), cloning is a scientific process in which a strand of DNA from one organism with the egg cell of another which creates a genetically matched life form. The actual merging process between the cells is called Nuclear Transfer. In this process the nucleus of one donor cell is removed and placed into a lab dish and starved of nutrients; it is then placed into a lab dish with a fertilized egg cell. Naturally, the cell that was starved will try to fuse with the healthy cell but it will need a little help. These two cells are then electrified thereby causing the two cells to fuse together combining their genetic structures. Cloning / 3 Now that we have established the scientific basis of cloning, let me tell you how cloning can directly benefit humanity. There are many health issues that can be avoided, reversed and cured by the cloning of human cells and body parts. With the aid of cloning technology, couples that have suffered infertility would be able to have their own biological children. Cloning technology may potentially be used to completely reverse the effects of heart attacks. It is a distinct possibility that scientists will be able replace the heart tissue cells damaged during a heart attack by cloning the specific tissue cells and injecting them into damaged area of the heart, thus causing the tissue in those areas to regenerate. Considering that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S.(New England Journal of Medicine 1998), the implementation of these life saving techniques would be a major break through in the medical professions fight against heart disease. The fields of cosmetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery may also benefit from cloning technology. You may be aware that countless numbers of women are suffering from immune system diseases, due to breast augmentation and other cosmetic surgical procedures. According to the human cloning foundation (1999), women will no longer suffer diseases of their immune system due to breast implants and other cosmetic procedure's thanks to dermal tissue cloning techniques. Accident victims who have suffered deformity will no longer have to introduce foreign materials into their bodies, to repair damage. Amputees will be able to receive new limbs without the fear that the limb may be rejected by the body, it will be their own lost limb regenerated through the process of cloning. Cloning / 4 These new and innovative advances in reconstrctive surgery will allow doctors to repair or replace bone, fat , connective tissues, cartilage all through the process of cloning, the possibilities are virtually endless. Down's syndrome, cystic fibrosis, liver disease, kidney failure, Tay-Sachs disease and leukemia could all be eliminated through defective gene elimination; cancer could be irradicated as well. There are innumerable applications of cloning technology in the medical profession. To discount or ignore this technology would be a step backwards in the evolution of mankind. Concerning the legality of cloning, there are three states known to have banned human cloning, placing a five year moratorium until further studies can be conducted. California is among this group which also includes Rhode Island and Michigan. The penalties for violating the laws in the aforementioned states are very stiff. For instances, in California, if you are convicted of attempting to clone or successfully cloning a human being you will pay a one-million dollar fine, instantly and permanently lose your medical or professional license and serve up to ten years in state prison (HCF 1999). As far as the federal law is concerned, President Clinton recently enacted an executive order which banns the use of any federal funds toward cloning research (HFC 1999). The Food And Drug (FDA) has stated that it will not endorse or approve human cloning until such a time when cloning can be shown to be safe and effective. Although the federal and individual state governments are not willing to fund

Free Essays on Javanet

JavaNet As a potential investor in LLC incorporated, I reviewed their business plan for their upcoming project called JavaNet. JavaNet is planned to be an Internet Cafà © in downtown Eugene. Internet Cafà ©s are specialized coffee and bakery goods shops that have state of the art computers linked to the high speed Internet as an added bonus. JavaNet’s goal is to provide the ability to access the Internet, drink coffee, and be in a comfortable sociable environment. It appears that LLC has put together a nice business plan for JavaNet. In the business plan they explain many different aspects of the prospected venture. In the business plan, JavaNet has put together a list of suppliers like Allan Bros. and Bellevue Computers for the coffee equipment, inventory, computers, Internet and continued servicing. There are 16 coffee suppliers in Eugene, which lowers, the wholesale price down which is very beneficial. JavaNet has located a very reasonable building with high visibility and is conveniently located. The business plan appears to be well rounded. Overall I think that JavaNet should be a hit in Eugene. They should enjoy a short-lived monopoly in that area that could be very profitable. Their business plan is well thought out and planned. They have put together a service package, did research and found a need. At this point I am very would be very interested in their offering. I would need to know more about the upfront trade value of my investment. The business plan is very conservative with the projections. However, at this point I would defiantly be interested.... Free Essays on Javanet Free Essays on Javanet JavaNet As a potential investor in LLC incorporated, I reviewed their business plan for their upcoming project called JavaNet. JavaNet is planned to be an Internet Cafà © in downtown Eugene. Internet Cafà ©s are specialized coffee and bakery goods shops that have state of the art computers linked to the high speed Internet as an added bonus. JavaNet’s goal is to provide the ability to access the Internet, drink coffee, and be in a comfortable sociable environment. It appears that LLC has put together a nice business plan for JavaNet. In the business plan they explain many different aspects of the prospected venture. In the business plan, JavaNet has put together a list of suppliers like Allan Bros. and Bellevue Computers for the coffee equipment, inventory, computers, Internet and continued servicing. There are 16 coffee suppliers in Eugene, which lowers, the wholesale price down which is very beneficial. JavaNet has located a very reasonable building with high visibility and is conveniently located. The business plan appears to be well rounded. Overall I think that JavaNet should be a hit in Eugene. They should enjoy a short-lived monopoly in that area that could be very profitable. Their business plan is well thought out and planned. They have put together a service package, did research and found a need. At this point I am very would be very interested in their offering. I would need to know more about the upfront trade value of my investment. The business plan is very conservative with the projections. However, at this point I would defiantly be interested....

The concept of perception and how it affects behavior use examples Essay

The concept of perception and how it affects behavior use examples - Essay Example This principle goes with each one of the senses. Complex stimuli have the same fraction of a second recognition. Another important analogy from the study would be a symphony orchestra. When they come on stage, it is a cacophonous moment where there are 50 musicians playing random sounds. It is only when they all start playing together does it respond to the auditory sense. "This chaos-complex behavior makes perception possible" (Freeman 79) There are two types of concepts of behavior which follow from perception: the cognitive approach and the evolutionary approach. In the evolutionary approach, we have a need to understand what is going on in the environment. Our adaptive perception is a result of the behavior responding to the environment. It is when we comprehend and understand that we behave accordingly. The cognitive approach is the "way to look at this is by taking an evolutionary perspective. In the course of our development as a species, perceptual abilities and functions dev eloped because we started to behave, not because we started to understand." (Dijksterhuis 866 ) If we go to a soccer match and the crowd starts to throw bottle onto the field, there is a high chance that our evolutionary perception will lead to doing the same thing. When we take the environmental stimulus; filter it in the proper sense organ; process the information, the physiological arousal depending on the part of the brain will manifest the behavior. One explanation is that, upon seeing, soccer hooligans, one may..without being aware of it†¦start to act like them. (Dijksterhui 865) Eichmann at the Nuremburg trials said what he did was not wrong, he was only doing as everyone else. (Nuremburg 1954) The cognitive approach would be in such calm surrounding where our physiology arousal in not the same. Our gustatory senses would not have the same physiology arousal if it were a question of life or death or if it were a question of just being hungry. Our perception of food and o ur behavior of food would not be the same. The 5 responses directly relate to the cognitive evolutionary approach to behavior, referred to as the five f's: freeze, flee, fight, food, or fornication depend on the type of senses and thus will manifest in different types of behavior (Cibelli 2011) The chaos-complex behavior also applies as it is a quick response of a fraction of a second which determines the behavior. If I see a gang who is ready to attack me in down town Los Angeles, and I am a black belt, I will first use my visual senses to observe each person's movement. Then I will use my auditory senses to hear if there are any other people in the area. It is a question of the chao-complex behavior as everything will happen in a quick second before deciding If I am staying to fight, flee, or to freeze because I am too scared to do anything.. The cognitive approach assumes that there are learnt (social) perceptions as there is a weakness in the sensorial stimulus. Therefore this a pproach is information based. Social perception is learned but can stem from a sensorial stimulus. A woman who has been raped, has the stimulus which has caused the behavior of fear. She might transfer this fear into the social perception that all men of the race of that

Topic 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Topic 2 - Essay Example It was analyzed using simple analytical tools. The study found out that teens had a lot of influence in their parents' consumption pattern. The concept of marketing has become broad and refined with seemingly segmentation of the market. It has been well studied to come up with the best marketing strategy for organization. This is because marketing forms the core operation of any profit oriented organization. It is a powerful tool for a business to have a breakthrough in its existence. Currently the scholarly world is concerned with studying the effects of having an effective marketing strategy based on different market segments. (Willis, 1990) Market segmentation has continued to grow day by day as more and more researches are revealing needs of different segments of the market. It has tried to shift from tradition segmentation of male and females, old and young, and other segmentation to more refined one. It has also seen the emergence of consumer clubs sub-culture which has driven the market in another direction. These clubs have gone on marketing spree at one time buying particular goods which seemingly identifies a particular club. (Hall, 1997) Sarah (1997a) defines Culture as some particular values or tastes that define a particular group of people. A sub-culture is a division of a culture with particular tastes or values that are not shared with other members of a culture. Marketing have been targeting a particular subculture within a diverse culture. This has become a valued aspect in any marketing strategy. This is important to address various demographic characteristics that are evident in a particular culture. It has become evident that people within a culture do not share the same values and tastes. For example it will be difficult to find the old and the young sharing the same tastes in fashions. This has become important to address the needs of every subculture and also to help create a notable difference between the two sub-cultures. Marketers have been using the concept of sub-cultures to develop refined marketing strategies that address the needs of each and every group in a culture and on the other hand to mar ket product that are seemingly acceptable to consumers. (Donovan and Henley, 2003) The strategy of manufacturing and branding goods targeting the whole population has not bee very successful. It has led to pile up of goods in warehouse due to low sales. Market research data has revealed manufacturing and branding goods with a particular target to a group with a clear knowledge of its demands in terms of purchase power and the consumption pattern. For example the teen group has been found to fast in consumption compared to the old. A senile member of the community will buy a pair of shoe once in a year while a teen of the same community will have bought more than three pairs of shoes in the same time bracket. This

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Assignment - Essay Example This allows each department to focus on one task, allowing the company to work faster. Some of the key departments in a company may be the finance department or the sales department. 3) Chain of command is how management delegates authority to individuals throughout a workplace (Chain of Command). Instead of one manager delegating tasks, department managers can give instructions as they see fit. A normal chain of command would have the president at the top, followed by the vice-president, and so on. 4) Span of control is the number of employees that a manager has under his or her control at one time. Department managers would have a span of control over the employees who they are responsible for. 5) Centralization is the process where key decisions are taken only by top management. On the other hand, decentralization places trust in employees lower down the food chain and allows them to make decisions for

The Spanish And Ottoman Empire

The Spanish And Ottoman Empire The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries marked key points in the development of both the Spanish and the Ottoman empires. The building of the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires are both similar and different in many ways. With the discovery of the Americas and the conquering of Constantinople, both empires were emerging as world powers. Furthermore, both empires developed into strong religious empires. One major difference was the reasons for conquest between the two vast empires. The Spanish sought to improve trade whereas the Ottoman Empire sought military control. There were also many similarities and differences in how the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires developed politically. The Spanish used the Encomienda System as a base for economic and political order in the Americas. Using this system, the men who served the crown, or the encomenderos, were awarded part of the labor and produce of the natives. The Spanish king ruled through the Council of the Indies, allowing the king to appoint viceroys. Furthermore, the Spanish king could oversee the treasury office and the royal court of appeals, or audiencia. In contrast, the Ottoman Empire developed a bureaucracy, and because of religious tolerance allowed Christians and Jews to participate in the government. The Spanish and the Ottoman Empires can be compared and contrasted economically. One difference between the two empires was taxing in the Ottoman Empire. Although the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of other religions, they imposed a special tax on non Muslims called the jizya. One similarity was the establishment of trade routes in both empires. The Spanish Empire established trade routes to the Americas and the Ottoman Empire, under the rule of Suleyman, expanded populations, roads, and trade routes. Suleyman led the Ottoman Empire to the Pax Ottomanica , resulting in the golden age that allowed the empire to flourish. Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire controlled half of the Danube River, allowing them to control trade. Socially, both the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires were very strict religious empires. The Spanish were strict Catholics (maybe tolerant). Similarly, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was a devout Muslim. The Spanish spread Christianity throughout the Americas, converting Natives similar to how the Ottomans converted boys in poor villages top ranking janissaries. However, the two empires did differ in that the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of other religions. The Ottoman Empire tolerated other religions because by allowing the Christians and Jews to practice their religions freely, the Ottoman Turks could defend themselves against revolts and rebellions. One major difference between the two empires was their reasons for expansion and conquest. The Spanish Empire expanded to further promote trade, whereas the Ottoman Empire expanded for military control. Under a system known as devshirme the Ottoman Sultan rounded up boys between the ages of 12 and 20 from villages and trained the best 1 0 percent to be civil servants or military men known as janissaries. However a similarity can be found in the decline of these two empires, where both empires ended because of the implications of the systems they sought to improve in expansion. The Spanish, in attempts to improve trade started to decline because of a weak financial base, unable to reap the benefits of trade. Similarly, when the expansion of the Ottoman Empire stopped, the empire lacked the influx of manpower to feed its system of maintaining an efficient population of civil servants and military men. A serial military defeat followed afterwards. During the periods of 1450 to 1800, the building of the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire developed in similar and different ways. Politically, the Spanish used an encomienda system whereas the Ottomans developed a bureaucratic government. Economically, the Spanish and the Ottoman developed trade routes, but the Spanish did not impose the jizya as the Ottomans did. Socially, both empires were strictly religious but the Ottomans were more tolerant of other religions. Despite their emergence as world powers, both empires declined as a result of the Spanishs inability to develop a strong financial base and the Ottomans failure to continue maintaining a constant manpower. Whereas the Spanish easily conquered the New World, the Ottomans constantly fought against different people from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Ottoman society was divided politically into wealth producers, soldiers, Muslims, and non-Muslims. Under a system known as devshirme the Sultan rounded up boys between the ages of 12 and 20 from villages and trained the best 10 percent to be civil servants or military men known as janissaries. After the relatively easier early conquest, Spanish legislation prohibited exploration and enslavement of Indians in its New Laws of 1542. In Mexico and Peru the decree was ignored and lead to a debate about how the colonies should be run, with some prominent ruling class arguing that Indians should be treated with protection and care, while others argued for a slavery system. The Ottoman Empire was less enlightened in ideology, but ruled with brute penalties for criminal acts, and efficient administration ad legal procedures. The Sultan considered himself supreme as compared against other monarchs. Indians died because of disease, dislocation, and the rigors of mine work following the European conquest. When the Spanish monarch ended the encomienda system the colonists increasingly sought grant of lands creating rural estates that produced cultural products. Gradually, the Americas evolved into an economic base that supports Spain. As for the Ottoman Empire, its decline was drastic. When the expansion stopped, the empire lacked the influx of manpower to feed its system of maintaining an efficient population of civil servants and military men. A serial military defeat followed afterwards.

Plot Summary of This Other Eden by Ben Elton :: essays research papers

The story begins with a view into what life is going to be like in the next century for the people of Earth. The first image described is of a rat eating away at a man's rotting leg, as he lies in mountains upon mountains of garbage. The man then decides that he is going to have to cut off his leg in order to save himself. This however, is not the world in which the characters of the book live, this is a world created by Nathan Hoddy, an English screen-writer whose job it is to market the end of the world.... The story in set sometime in the future, it does not say exactly when, but gives the impression that it is in the not-too-distant future. The world is much different and technically more advanced, with people (especially those in the USA) frequently undergoing plastic surgery to make themselves look as beautiful and young as they desire. People play with virtual reality helmets in their spare time, and aeroplanes leave the Earth's atmosphere, wait for the earth to rotate, and land where they desire. Britain is the dumping ground for the entire world's waste. There is no place on Earth where people can go outside for any extended period of time, without exposing themselves to millions of harmful rays. The story is set in many countries around the world, it changes between England, the USA, Ireland, and other various parts of Europe. Plastic Tolstoy is probably the main character in this book. Plastic is head of 80% of all the world's media and also runs the claustrosphere company. He has achieved this position of power through convincing the world that marketing is all that matters and that, beforehand, there were too many programmes breaking up the adverts. Plastic Tolstoy is the creator of â€Å"advertainment†, an extra long advert whose aim it is to capture people’s attention whilst also selling them things. Plastic is incredibly powerful and lets everyone he can know about it. He is rude to anyone and everyone, and is good at it. He talks to people constantly in a completely sarcastic and patronising way, probably as a way of letting them know that he is the one in the position of power. For example, when Nathan Hoddy is pitching his idea to him, he returns every idea told to him with a bitterly sarcastic and aggressive reply. "Do I think, perhaps? Plot Summary of This Other Eden by Ben Elton :: essays research papers The story begins with a view into what life is going to be like in the next century for the people of Earth. The first image described is of a rat eating away at a man's rotting leg, as he lies in mountains upon mountains of garbage. The man then decides that he is going to have to cut off his leg in order to save himself. This however, is not the world in which the characters of the book live, this is a world created by Nathan Hoddy, an English screen-writer whose job it is to market the end of the world.... The story in set sometime in the future, it does not say exactly when, but gives the impression that it is in the not-too-distant future. The world is much different and technically more advanced, with people (especially those in the USA) frequently undergoing plastic surgery to make themselves look as beautiful and young as they desire. People play with virtual reality helmets in their spare time, and aeroplanes leave the Earth's atmosphere, wait for the earth to rotate, and land where they desire. Britain is the dumping ground for the entire world's waste. There is no place on Earth where people can go outside for any extended period of time, without exposing themselves to millions of harmful rays. The story is set in many countries around the world, it changes between England, the USA, Ireland, and other various parts of Europe. Plastic Tolstoy is probably the main character in this book. Plastic is head of 80% of all the world's media and also runs the claustrosphere company. He has achieved this position of power through convincing the world that marketing is all that matters and that, beforehand, there were too many programmes breaking up the adverts. Plastic Tolstoy is the creator of â€Å"advertainment†, an extra long advert whose aim it is to capture people’s attention whilst also selling them things. Plastic is incredibly powerful and lets everyone he can know about it. He is rude to anyone and everyone, and is good at it. He talks to people constantly in a completely sarcastic and patronising way, probably as a way of letting them know that he is the one in the position of power. For example, when Nathan Hoddy is pitching his idea to him, he returns every idea told to him with a bitterly sarcastic and aggressive reply. "Do I think, perhaps?

Marketing Strategy Essay

While there’s merit in evaluating the strategy from a qualitative standpoint (its completeness, internal consistency, rationale, and relevance), the best quantitative evidence of how well a company’s strategy is working comes from its result. The stronger a company’s current overall performance, the less likely the need for radical changes in strategy. The weaker a company’s financial performance and market standing, the more its current strategy must be questioned. Organizations succeed in a competitive marketplace over the long run because they can do certain things their customers value better than their competitors e. offering better quality products with cheaper prices. First we must understand what is the current strategy the company is implementing now; 1. A low-cost leader strategy:  striving to be the overall low-cost provider of a product or service that appeals to a broad range of customers ie;focus on being the lowest cost provider e. g Lidyl , and tal- Lira. 2. A broad differentiation strategy:  seeking to differentiate the company’s product offerings from rivals’ in ways that will appeal to a broad range of buyers i. they want to differentiate from their rivals ie by offering something different eg, Apple and Rolex as a prestige brand, Dr. Pepper with a different taste, Wal-Mart with value and more for your money. 3. A best-cost provider strategy:  giving customers more value for the money by emphasizing both low cost and upscale difference, the goal being to keep costs and prices lower than those of other providers of comparable quality and features (a couple of examples are the Honda and Toyota car companies with customer satisfaction ratings that rival those of much more expensive cars). . A focused, or market-niche, strategy based on lower cost:  concentrating on a narrow buyer segment and outcompeting rivals on the basis of lower cost (The Gap is a good example). A focused, or market-niche, strategy based on differentiation:  offering niche members a product or service customized to their tastes and requirements [examples are Rolls-Royce (sells limited number of high-end, custom-built cars) and men’s big and tall shops (sell mainstream styles to a limited market with specific requirements) i. they aim to focus on a particular target market eg constructions at madliena targeting high class people, or do they try to be the best cost provider ie providing value for money products. Approaches to assessing how well the present strategy is working Qualitative assessement – Is the strategy well conceived, is it well thought ie The strategy should be consistent with the vision and mission of the company, it should be in line with the current market trends. Quantitative assessement – It is the measure of return on total investment, Is the strategy being implemented resulting in higher profits for the company? This means that a good strategy should result in an above industry performance. Key Indicators of How Well the Strategy is Working See the trend in sales/market share Acquiring/retaining new customers Detecting how well is your image and reputation and overall financial strenghth Question 2. What Are the Company’s Resource Strength and Weaknesses and Its External Opportunities and Threats? SWOT analysis provides a good overview of whether the company’s overall situation is fundamentally healthy or unhealthy. A first-rate SWOT analysis provides the basis for crafting a strategy that capitalizes on the company’s resources, aims squarely at capturing the company’s best opportunities, and defends against the threats to its wll-being. A resource strengths is something a company is good at doing or an attribute that enhances its competitiveness in the marketplace. Resource strengths can take any of these forms: a skill-an area of specialized expertise, or a competitively important capability, valuable physical assets, valuable human assets and intellectual capital, valuable organizational assets, valuable intangible assets, an achievement or attribute that puts the company in a position of market advantage. A competence(abilta li jaghmlu xi haga ahjar minn kumpaniji ohra) is an activity that a company has learned to perform well. It is nearly always the product of experience, representing an accumulation of learning and the buildup of proficiency in performing an internal activity. A core competence is a competitively important activity that a company performs better than other internal activities. A distinctive competence is a competitively important activity that a company perfoms better than its rivals – it thus represents a competitively superior resource strength. The competitive power of a resource strength is measured by these four tests: is the resource really competitively valuable? Is the resource strength rare? Is the resource strength hard to copy? Can the resource strength be trumped by substitute resource strengths and competitive capabilities? Competitively valuable resource strengths and competencies call for the use of a resource based strategy. Core concept of Resource-based strategy is that it uses a company’s valuable resources strengths and competitive capabilities to deliver value to customers in ways rivals find it difficult to match, advised to pass on a particular industry opportunity unless the company has or can acquire the resources to capture it. It is management’s job to identify the threats to the company’s prospects and to evaluate what strategic actions can be taken to neutralize or lessen their impact. SWOT analysis are drawing conslusions from the SWOT listings about the company’s overall situation, and translating these conslusions into strategic actions to better match the company’s strategy to its resource strengths and market opportunities, to correct the important weaknesses, and to defend against external threats. The final piece of SWOT analysis is to translate the diagnosis of the company’s situation into actions for improving the company’s strategy and business prospects. What are the company’s resource strengths and weaknesses, and its external opportunities and threats? A SWOT analysis provides an overview of a firm’s situation and is an essential component of crafting a strategy tightly matched to the company’s situation. The two most important parts of SWOT analysis are (1) drawing conclusions about what story the compilation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats tells about the company’s overall situation, and (2) acting on those conclusions to better match the company’s strategy, to its resource strengths and market opportunities, to correct the important weaknesses, and to defend against external threats. A company’s resource strengths, competencies, and competitive capabilities are strategically relevant because they are the most logical and appealing building blocks for strategy; resource weaknesses are important because they may represent vulnerabilities that need correction. External opportunities and threats come into play because a good strategy necessarily aims at capturing a company’s most attractive opportunities and at defending against threats to its well-being. A strength is something a firm does well that enhances its competitiveness eg alliancing. Company Competencies and Capabilities Competencies are assumed to be the company’s valuable resources Competency – A competency is anything a business does well. A business may have numerous competencies. For example a manufacturing company might be extremely successful in keeping its number of defects per thousand units produced extremely low. The Companies Competencies and Capabilities stem from skills, expertise, and experience (esperjenza li kibbret maz-zmien usually representing an accumulation of learning over time and gradual buildup of real proficiency in performing an activity. i. e il-kumpetenza ta kumpanija tigi through the buildup of performing the activity ghax taghmel l-istess attivita kontinwament u l-esperjenzi li jkollha matul l-operations taghha) Core Competency – A core competency is a competency of the business that is essential to its overall performance and success. If this company held itself out to the market as a reliable manufacturer of quality products, this could easily be a core competency, because the ability to consistently provide quality products is a key to its business model. (Core competence tfisser l kompetenza ta xi kumpanija li hija centrali ghall-kumpanija, fejn permezz ta din ilkompetenza se tikkumbatti tajjeb lil competitors l ohra u se tiddistingwixxi ruhha minn ma kumpaniji ohrajn. Importanti li din il kompetenza tkun giet through l-esperjenza tal haddiema eg. Jien immur ghand Toni & Guy ghax jogghobni il-way kif jaqta’ x-xaghar, immure ghand dak ir-restaurant ghax jaghmel ricetti tajbin tal-hut, expertise in integrating multiple technologies to create new products. ) Distinctive Competency eg Toyota (low cost high quality manufacturing of motor vehicles and Starbucks – innovative coffee drinks and store ambience A distinctive competency is any competency that distinguishes a company from its competitors. A distinctive competency is typically a core competency that truly distinguishes a company from the rest of the competition. For example, one of Google’s distinctive competencies is its name recognition and status as the most famous search engine. This competency is hard for competitors to imitate and sets Google apart from the rest of the market (Distinctive competence of a firm refers to a set of activities or capabilities that a company is able to perform better than its competitors and which gives it an advantage over them. Distinctive competence can lie in different area such as technology, marketing. They provide sustainable competitive advantage because these are hard to copy. ) Identifying Resource Weaknesses and Competitve Deficiencies After identifying the Company’s strengths we will now identify the company’s weaknesses. * A weakness is something a firm lacks, does poorly, or a condition placing it at a disadvantage. Resource weaknesses relate to Inferior skills, expertise. * Missing capabilities in key areas Identifying a Company’s Market Opportunities. Opportunities most relevant to a company are those offering enticing prospects which reflect financial growth, is a good resource to outcompete your rivals, good match with its financial and organizational resource capabilities jigifiri li l-opportunitajiet ikunu addatati ghall-kumpanija e,g taghraf li tista tidhol ghall xi sistema gdida eg xetra trading system fejn tista ggib new listings. Identofying External Threats Some possibilities are that other competitors will * Emerg cheaper/better technologies * Introduce better products * Entry of lower-cost foreign competitors * Onerous regulations Rise in interest rates * Unfavorable demographic shifts changes fit-tastes tan nies * Adverse shifts in foreign exchange rates * Political turmoil and/or burdensome government policies Question 3 : Are the Company’s Prices and Costs Competitive The intent of a company is to do things that ultimately create value for buyers. Assessing whether a firm’s costs are competitive with th ose of rivals is a crucial part of company situation analysis. One can assess whether a firm’s costs are competitive through 2 Key analytical tools: * Value chain analysis * Benchmarking Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. * The value chain (A value chain is a chain of activities that a firm operating in a specific industry performs in order to deliver something valuable (product or service), Value Chain Analysis is one way of identifying which activities are best undertaken by a business and which are best provided by others (â€Å"out sourced†). It contains two types of activities: * Primary activities – those that are directly concerned with creating and elivering a product.

Voting Franchise A Major Source of Political Influence essays

Voting Franchise A Major Source of Political Influence essays The voting franchise, how many people participate in the voting process, is known to be an important factor in shaping government policies. A recent study examined state government spending and state and local spending for forty-six states from 1950 until 1988 (Husted and Kenny, 1997). It found that the elimination of poll taxes and literacy tests led to higher turnout, particularly among the poor, and a poorer pivotal voter. As a result, a fall in the income of voters relative to state income, and the ouster of Republicans from state government led to a sharp rise in welfare spending but no change in other spending. Today, legislative redistricting is one of the most hotly debated areas that impact the voter franchise. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated, "Unconstitutional discrimination occurs ... when the electoral system is arranged in a manner that will consistently degrade a voter's or a group of voters' influence on the political process as a whole" (Statement on the voter redistricting process). Many critics feel that voting districts are redrawn for partisan considerations resulting in political gerrymandering that interferes with the right to vote, and is used by the legislature to dilute votes and influence the outcome of the elections, thereby impairing Further, activists charge that there are many citizens who are prevented, either by law or practice, from registering or voting. The laundry list of examples supporting this belief include laws that link voter eligibility to criminal conviction and citizenship, needlessly early voter registration deadlines, difficult voter registration processes, inaccessible and out-of-the-way polling places, and voting machines that require English literacy, visual acuity and manual dexterity (Blain, 2004). Clearly, the voter franchise is a major source of political influence ...

Movies Essays - Aftermath Of War, Wars Of Independence, Free Essays

Movies Essays - Aftermath Of War, Wars Of Independence, Free Essays Movies Each war had a serious impact on the individuals surrounding it, whether it be the soldiers, Indians, slaves, women, children, and even the entire feeling of the countryside. The commonality in each of the three films, "Last of the Mohicans," Mary Silliman's War," and "Glory," was war, but each centered on a different segment of the population and the different wars of the time period. The French and Indian War was depicted in the "Last of the Mohicans," showing the trials the settlers of the countryside faced while the French fought for control of the union against the British in the mid-18th Century. Focusing on the strengths of women, "Mary Silliman's War" encompasses the revolutionary war as the Americans try to break free from Britain. Finally, the inner fight between the Union is depicted in "Glory," which gives startling footage on the black man's struggles in the fight for emancipation. Through studies, in course work, various books including Boorstin, Brinkley, Gross, and others, and by watching the films, a better understanding of the trials of freedom that American individuals undertook in the 17th and on into the19th Century was received. A connection of the feelings, emotions, and trials of the history of all Americans is felt and interpreted in the following paragraphs. As the first white settlers came to what is to be America in the early 17th Century, the struggle for power was inevitable. Looking through time and history, power has always been a key factor in the lives of the people of the nation, and it still is today. The nine years of the French and Indian War (1754), which was in part depicted in the "Last of the Mohicans," showed how two countries were fighting over control of the people and land of the colonies. We can see that the fighting had to do with power and control of other people and property. Feelings for those not in the war, innocent people, were overlooked and pushed to the side. In addition, the first American settlers, the Indians, were treated as pawns in a bigger game only to take what was theirs to begin with. Both the French and the British tried to win the Indians over, only to later push them further into the western countryside, until there would latter simply be no room for them. "Mary Silliman's War," focusing on the revolutionary time period in the late 18th Century, included the powerful struggle of the British to control the Americans. Instead of the struggle for the power of the land, at this point the British had the land and now focused on controlling the freedoms of the people of the nation. When the British felt as if they were loosing control, they grasped to incorporate a tighter system of government into the lives of Americans. The rejection of this control lead to the many horrifying years of war. The efforts of Americans to create a better nation did not end here. The northern and southern parts of the nation were not yet unified, even after fighting against the British in the revolutionary war. In fact, it was difficult to combine the entire nation and not stay divided in tiny communities as in the past. These factors, along with many other differences of opinion when dealing with the colored people of the nation, lead to an even greater power struggle than ever before. The southern Confederacy wanted the power to control its own nation, separate from that of the northern Federacy. The people and leaders in the south did not want to give up control of "their" slaves. The white man felt power by controlling what he thought was a lesser person, in this case the blacks. Seen again and again in the history of Americans, the power to control other people, for example, the Indians, slaves, and women, were victims in the struggle of the white man to feel superior to others. Whenever a problem would arise where power was threatene! d the country would then became engaged in battle. The movies were unique in their own element, because they focused on a group of individuals and carried out their story of becoming part of the nation. "The

Sociology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology - Research Paper Example This paper analyses the value of religion in our social life. Even though, the creator has not created any religions in the world, he has given the ability to human kind in segregating good and evil. This ability varies with individuals and hence they started to interpret things differently which resulted in the formation of different beliefs and finally different religions in the world. One of the common elements of all the religions is that all of them work for the conservation of good values or ethical principles. No religion, either believe or advocate immoral things. Thus, for sustaining good values in the society all religions play an important role. All the religions have some kind of worship place; for Christians, it is church, for Muslims, Mosques are used for worshipping god, Hindus uses temples while the Jews use Synagogues as their worship places. One of the common elements of these places is that all these entities are places where lot of people assemble for the worship activities. It is a place where all the people assemble for the same objective; worshipping. Immense socializing is taking place in these types of places which strengthen the social bonding between the people. â€Å"Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. We begin learning from others during the early days of life; and most people continue their social learning all through life†(What is the socialization process?) It provides the individual with the skills and habits necessary for leading a successful social life. A society functions through shared norms, attitudes, values, motives, social roles, symbols and languages. Family, school, friendship, religion or worship places etc are some of the major socializing agents in the society. I belong to a Christian, community and I can safely say that my religion has played an important role in shaping my personality and views related to morality

What do you think are some of the most important events of the 20th Assignment

What do you think are some of the most important events of the 20th century that have changed the shape of human development, and why - Assignment Example This later culminated to the development of Microsoft in the year 1996. Computer invention has played significant roles in the development of humans in a number of ways. Computers have facilitated information discovery and enhanced communication. The First World War took place between 1914 and 1918 while the Second World War took place between 1939 and 1945. These two wars presented the biggest military conflicts in the history of humans. Additionally, great military alliances involving different groups of countries were formed during this time. The First World War pitied the allied powers against the central powers. Apparently, the Allied powers include France, Britain, Japan and Russia while the central powers were Germany, turkey, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary. Conversely, the Second World War was the most heinous given the genocide against the people of Jewish orientation orchestrated by the Nazis. These two wars provided perfect opportunities for humanity to invent and display their weapons. The Second World War will be specifically be remembered because of the atomic bomb Hiroshima atomic bomb dropped in Japan by the United States (United Nations / Development Pro, 1996, p. 31). Although there have been several inventions before, the invention of the internet has had the most significant revolutions in communication and information like never before. Apparently, the internet has provided widespread information infrastructure based on its initial prototype. Its contribution to human development transcends through all the sectors of the society. The internet provides communication throughout the society by making use of online computer tools for the electronic commerce accomplishment. It also contributes to acquisition of information and several other operations within the community (United Nations / Development Pro, 1996, p. 46). The atomic bomb was the product of the invention of Otto Frisch and Professor Rudolph Peierls from the University

SMAILL GROUP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

SMAILL GROUP - Essay Example I knew all of the male group colleagues from prior interaction, and they were all capable of getting work done under some close supervision. The first person, from interaction in and out of class, I presumed him to be organized, hardworking, and brilliant could perform quality work. The second male colleague made the impression of someone who moves with the crowd, in that I knew if I could get the cooperation of the other members, he would also be inclined to contribute. While, among the female colleagues, two of them were already my friends and seeing them on my group was a relief. From our interaction, the level of commitment they each put in their personal work and class work assured me of support in any task we were to be assigned. However, the third female colleague, I had never interacted with, but from observing her and the way she handled herself, made me think she would pose a challenge in submitting any task assigned her to research. Group assignments meant that we were to have meetings for discussions, individual research on topics, compilation by members, revisions and presentations for the class on the findings. This implies that we had to spend quality time in the library doing research and discussing. In the course of our study, our group became among the highly rated in the class in performing and coordination tasks. This was because there was cohesion and mutual understanding of the group objectives among members in doing group tasks, thus, we were able to achieve high marks due to the quality of the work we presented in class, and majority of our lecturers acknowledged the quality of work we completed. Socially, we created a bond that I never thought we could achieve when the group was first created, this level of interaction made our group to be respected and relied on by our classmates on tasks. Over the course of the academic year,

Appropriate Behavior Expectations Case Study Essay Example for Free

Appropriate Behavior Expectations Case Study Essay As Christian home base daycare educators for underprivileged children ages 6 weeks to age four, it is important that we understand how each child’s development translates into our behavioral expectation in the classroom. As a Christian home base daycare center there are many things we are able to offer that a school setting does not allow; such as prayer; every morning we start the day off with prayer. Because children are so energetic after breakfast comes Zumba followed with chillax which consist of planking one minute on our mats. We then go over our rules and if’s (what happens if the rules are not followed), making sure that every child fully understand what each expectation means â€Å"Teaching rules and procedures to students at the beginning of the year and enforcing them consistently across time increases student academic achievement and task engagement† (Evertson, 1985; 1989; Evertson Emmer, 1982; Johnson, Stoner, Green, 1996). We also remind our children as well as the educator of the (ME center) which are used when someone feels the need to be alone, no-one can speak, look or talk to that person while they are in the â€Å"me center†. There is also a â€Å"TALK TO ME† center when a child has the need to be around an adult that will just listen; this center is set up with a two lounge chair one for the child and one for the educator. Last but not least, we have a reward system; each child receives a shiny star for good days and at the end of the week they get a small prize if they get stars for the whole month the get to go to the dollar store and pick out any toy they want. We have created ways to involve and communicate with the parents as well as the children by being family oriented; once a week usually on Fridays everyone comes together (parents, child and educators) bringing a dish from home and have dinner and game night. We also take that time out to talk about everyone’s progress, needs and concerns. Although I would love to provide this for everyone in the community at this time it is finically impossible there for the space is limited to twelve children. There are things that are not tolerated as well  as bulling or endangerment to another child, a child that shows this type of aggression is removed from the program and the parent is given suggestions that might better provide for that child. Our expectation begins with Behavior: Respect – treat others the way you would like to be treated. Communication – (Use Your Words) talk out your problems and/or concerns. If you are unable to do this ask a educatorfor help. Consistency- there is a time and place for everything, when we work; quietly go into your groups, during play make sure you are in the center with your picture and your timer has been set, use inside voice when inside raise our hand when we’re in groups Fun – having fun is a must These are the rules given in the beginning of the school year. However, together educators and students and make up rules together of what is expected with our behavior. (Some examples of our student rules) * Keep your hands to yourself and your feet on the ground. * No talking when others are talking * The person talking must be holding the talking bug * Be quiet during story time * The timer in centers * Always say please and thank you * Our children know that there are consequences of misbehavior, which are applying consistently and equitable; if rules are not followed we do timeout, according to age and each child understand these consequences. However, a child always is given a chance to tell their side of the story and if they have to be placed in timeout, they must be given an explanation of why they are being put into timeout with a suggestion that will help them avoid it the next time. As educators we have agreed to have at least one educator greet child and parent at door with a smile, making sure to ask the simple question â€Å"how u doin?† (Wendy Williams show† We start our class the same way and they respond the same way. Instead of telling a child â€Å"Stop†, â€Å"No†, or â€Å"Cut it out†. We use the all Eyes on me, pencils down, we get your key out of our pocket to lock the door on out mouth and then place the key  on our desk. Educators are not allowed to use cell phones, must use home base phones, and although children have nap time educators are never allowed to nap. As a group we gather advice, support, and encouragement. When it comes to academic expectations we find it beneficial in many cases to work in small groups. However, I do not necessarily work in groups according to age; when it comes to learning I tend to divide the children up according to their learning style. For example: * If a child understanding concepts better when seeing things written on the board, or if they watch me intently when I am speaking, good at remembering faces and places or can give detail input about a movie or a television show I will place them in a group I call â€Å"Visual Learner†. This child(ren) is more likely to benefit for visual aids such as flash cards, memory games, drawing, computer programs, videos and so forth. * If a child is known for talking out loud or repeating what is said when processing new concepts, reads out loud to themselves, ask a lot of questions to get understanding or ask a lot of question when doing assignments, or shows more understanding when facts or questions are being asked to them rather than them reading it themselves, will be placed in a group I call â€Å"Auditory Learners†. This group of child may benefit in a more composed and smaller setting, groups within groups, study buddies, much of their work will be taught one on one, or with tape recorders. * If a child become antsy after sitting still for too long, constantly moving, prefers to stand rather than sit, easily lose focus, and fidget when it comes to doing school work that group is call â€Å"Kinesthetic Learner†. This group of children takes frequent breaks, is given stress balls when studying written assignments and is given more hands on learning activities. (This is the group that Ron would most likely be until I am able to pinpoint his reason(s) for losing focus.) Also, recognize that sometimes children just feel the need to move around at times during the lesson, so we make the space available. However, a child’s personality is another key factor adjustments have to be made such as the organized, self-motivated child who wills more likely approach learning differently than those who is more spontaneous and less methodical. Once a child’s learning style(s) has been  recognized our educators are better equipped to help that child to adapt to the environment; which will hopefully help them learn more effectively and succeed within the class. â€Å"Critically analyze Ron’s challenging behaviors to determine contributing factors (as presented in Level A Case 1)† (Ashford 3: Week 2 Assignment) I would first take Ron aside and explain the rules and what is expected of him, I would than allow him to return to the group as we go other the rules together. Observe, Ron for at least a week to find out if his behavior is due to lack of communication in which case during play we (he and I) would act out different scenarios and find the proper solutions, if it is environmental, we would make every effort to produce comfort, trust, and security to his new surroundings, and if it is a need of attention, I would remind him of our Talk To Me center which is available at all times. If it is medical, I would advise the parents that my daycare is not programmed with the necessities needed to accommodate their child but would be willing to do everything possible to find the proper fitting place for them. As time goes by we will continue to work with Ron implementing our way of doing things a little at a time, so that he will not be overwhelmed by his new surroundings until he is comfortable and aware of all of our expectations. References: Kaiser, B. Sklar Rasminsky, J. (2012). Challenging behavior in young children. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc. Robert a. Baron and Michael J. Kaisher (2009) Introduction to Psychology (2nd ed.) Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc